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The liver is a vitally important internal organ located in the human abdominal cavity, directly below the diaphragm on the right side. It is the largest solid organ in the body, performing numerous functions necessary for normal body operation and health. The liver acts as the main detoxification center, removing toxins from the blood, and participates in the metabolism of nutrients, protein synthesis, carbohydrate storage (e.g., in the form of glycogen), fat breakdown, and the processing of cholesterol and bilirubin. It also produces important plasma protein fractions, including coagulation factors, and plays a crucial role in the immune system's function, filtering and destroying pathogens that enter the bloodstream.
Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by recurring breathing stops during sleep, disrupting normal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Sleep apnea causes a drop in blood oxygen concentration and can have serious health consequences. Sleep apnea is divided into two main forms: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA), which differ in their causes, mechanisms of manifestation, and treatment methods.
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas caused by the activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas itself, leading to tissue damage. The pancreatic enzymes, which are normally activated only in the duodenum and assist in digesting food, start to act within the pancreas due to certain disorders, causing inflammation, tissue damage, and in severe cases, necrosis. Pancreatitis is classified into two main forms: acute and chronic.
Hemorrhoids are a condition associated with dilated veins in the anorectal area, which can cause discomfort, pain, and bleeding. Hemorrhoids occur due to the weakening of vascular partitions and the expansion of veins in the rectum and around the anus. Hemorrhoids can be internal or external, depending on their location. Internal hemorrhoids are located inside the intestine and are usually less painful, as there are fewer nerve endings in the rectum. External hemorrhoids form on the outside of the rectum, under the skin, and can be very painful due to high sensitivity in this area.
Nail fungus, medically known as onychomycosis, is an infectious condition of the nails most commonly caused by fungal organisms, including dermatophytes, mold fungi, and yeasts. Nail fungus is one of the most common nail diseases, affecting both fingernails and toenails, and is prevalent across all age groups, especially in adults.