Leukemia – what is it and why is immune system health important?
Leukemia is an oncological disease of the blood and bone marrow that primarily affects white blood cells (leukocytes). These cells play a crucial role in the functioning of the immune system, helping the body fight infections and other harmful agents. In leukemia, abnormal cells begin to multiply uncontrollably, disrupting the normal production of blood cells.
The disease originates in the bone marrow, but abnormal cells can enter the bloodstream and spread to other organs such as the lymph nodes, liver, or spleen. For this reason, leukemia is considered a systemic disease that affects the entire body.
According to the course of the disease, leukemia is classified into:
Acute leukemia – progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment.
Chronic leukemia – develops more slowly and, in some cases, may not cause pronounced symptoms for a long time.
Based on the type of blood cells affected, leukemia is also divided into myeloid and lymphocytic forms. These criteria help to more accurately identify the type of leukemia and select the most appropriate treatment strategy.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
A rapidly progressing form that is more common in adults, especially older individuals.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
The most common form of leukemia in children, though it can also occur in adults.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
A slowly developing disease, often associated with a specific genetic chromosomal abnormality.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
The most common form of leukemia in adults in Western countries, which may remain asymptomatic for a long time.
There are also rarer subtypes of leukemia, diagnosed through comprehensive blood, bone marrow, and genetic testing.
The exact causes of leukemia are not always identified, but several factors are known to contribute to its development:
genetic predisposition and inherited disorders;
exposure to chemical substances (e.g., benzene);
high doses of radiation;
previous treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy;
immune system disorders;
smoking;
certain viral infections;
age and sex.
In many cases, leukemia develops as a result of a combination of factors rather than a single clear cause.
Symptoms of leukemia may vary depending on the type of the disease, but the most common include:
persistent fatigue and weakness;
frequent infections;
fever and night sweats;
bone and joint pain;
enlarged lymph nodes;
unexplained weight loss;
frequent bruising or bleeding;
shortness of breath;
abnormal blood test results.
It is important to note that these symptoms are not specific to leukemia alone, so an accurate diagnosis can only be made by medical professionals after thorough examinations.
Leukemia treatment is individualized and depends on the type and stage of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall condition. Common treatment methods include:
chemotherapy;
radiation therapy;
bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation;
immunotherapy;
targeted therapy;
supportive treatment and psychological support.
Treatment success depends on many factors, making close cooperation between the patient and healthcare professionals essential.
Although there is no guaranteed way to completely prevent leukemia, a healthy lifestyle can help support overall health:
balanced nutrition;
sufficient physical activity;
quitting smoking;
avoiding radiation and harmful chemical substances;
regular health check-ups for at-risk groups.
Early diagnosis often allows treatment to begin sooner and can improve prognosis.
