Sepsis – what is it and why is this condition dangerous?
Sepsis is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction of the body to an infection, in which the immune system responds excessively to a pathogen. Instead of protecting the body, this response can trigger widespread inflammation, circulatory disturbances, tissue damage, and failure of internal organs.
Sepsis is most commonly caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be triggered by viruses, fungi, or parasites. If left untreated, sepsis can progress rapidly and become fatal, which is why it is considered one of the most dangerous infectious conditions in medicine.
During sepsis, the body begins to produce large amounts of inflammatory substances that:
disrupt normal blood circulation,
promote blood clotting disorders,
reduce oxygen delivery to tissues,
can damage vital organs.
The most severe form of sepsis is septic shock, in which it is impossible to maintain normal blood pressure even with intensive treatment.
Sepsis can lead to a range of serious complications, including:
Septic shock – a life-threatening condition accompanied by critically low blood pressure;
Organ failure – dysfunction of the kidneys, lungs, liver, heart, or brain;
Septic encephalopathy – impairment of brain function, presenting with altered consciousness;
Circulatory disorders – problems with blood clotting and bleeding;
Long-term weakening of the immune system, increasing the risk of future infections.
Sepsis can develop from an infection in almost any part of the body, such as:
the lungs (pneumonia),
the urinary tract,
abdominal organs,
the skin or soft tissues,
following surgical or invasive medical procedures.
advanced age or very young age;
chronic illnesses (such as diabetes or cancer);
a weakened immune system;
recent trauma or surgery;
prolonged hospitalization.
Symptoms of sepsis can vary and may progress rapidly. The most common signs include:
very high or unusually low body temperature;
increased heart rate;
rapid, shallow breathing;
severe weakness or drowsiness;
confusion or impaired orientation;
swelling of tissues.
In cases of septic shock, the following may occur:
extremely low blood pressure;
reduced urine output;
failure of multiple organs.
If these symptoms are observed, immediate medical attention is essential.
Sepsis is diagnosed based on:
clinical symptoms;
blood and other laboratory tests;
identification of the source of infection;
assessment of organ function.
It is crucial that treatment begins as early as possible, often even before final test results are available.
Sepsis is treated exclusively in a medical facility and requires intensive care. Treatment may include:
broad-spectrum antibiotics;
fluid therapy;
medications to support blood pressure;
oxygen therapy or respiratory support;
surgical removal of the source of infection;
supportive treatment to maintain organ function.
Even with modern medical care, sepsis remains a very dangerous condition, making early recognition critically important.
Although not all cases of sepsis can be prevented, infection prevention and immune system support are essential aspects of maintaining overall health:
timely treatment of infections;
proper hygiene practices;
management of chronic diseases;
maintaining a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.
