Lupus, also known as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. This abnormal immune response leads to persistent inflammation and can cause damage to multiple organs. Lupus is classified as a multisystem disease, meaning it may affect the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, and blood cells.
The disease typically follows a relapsing–remitting course, with periods of symptom flare-ups followed by remission, during which symptoms partially or completely subside. Because of this unpredictable nature, lupus requires long-term medical monitoring and individualized management.
The exact cause of lupus is not fully understood. However, researchers believe that the disease develops as a result of a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in lupus development. Studies suggest that certain genes may increase the risk of autoimmune reactions, particularly in individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases.
Several external factors are known to trigger lupus onset or exacerbate symptoms, including:
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight
Viral or bacterial infections
Hormonal influences, particularly estrogen
Physical or emotional stress
Certain medications
Lupus occurs more frequently in women, especially during reproductive years, though it can affect individuals of any age or sex. According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of lupus ranges from 20 to 150 cases per 100,000 people, depending on geographic region and ethnicity, with higher rates observed among women of African and Asian descent.
Lupus symptoms vary widely in severity and presentation, ranging from mild to life-threatening. Symptoms often fluctuate over time and may worsen during disease flares. Common lupus symptoms include:
Chronic fatigue – one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms
Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness – often resembling inflammatory arthritis
Skin rashes – including the characteristic “butterfly rash” across the cheeks and nose
Photosensitivity – heightened sensitivity to sunlight that can worsen skin and systemic symptoms
Blood disorders – such as anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia
Respiratory complications – including pleuritis, pneumonia, or pulmonary hypertension
Neurological symptoms – headaches, depression, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, or visual disturbances
Because lupus affects each patient differently, symptom patterns and severity can vary significantly from person to person.
Diagnosing lupus can be challenging due to its diverse symptoms and similarity to other conditions. Diagnosis typically involves:
A detailed medical history and physical examination
Blood tests to detect autoantibodies and inflammation markers
Urine tests to assess kidney involvement
In some cases, tissue biopsy (skin or kidney) to confirm organ damage
A lupus diagnosis is usually made based on a combination of clinical findings and laboratory results rather than a single definitive test.
Lupus treatment is highly individualized and depends on the severity of symptoms and organs involved. The primary goals of treatment are to control inflammation, suppress abnormal immune activity, and prevent long-term organ damage.
Common treatment approaches include:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for joint pain and inflammation
Antimalarial medications to manage skin and joint symptoms
Corticosteroids to reduce severe inflammation
Immunosuppressive therapies for serious organ involvement
Because lupus is a chronic condition, treatment often requires long-term adherence and regular follow-up with healthcare providers.
There is currently no known way to completely prevent lupus. However, certain lifestyle modifications may help reduce symptom severity and minimize disease flares, especially in individuals at higher risk.
Healthy lifestyle – balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and adequate rest
Sun protection – avoiding direct sunlight, wearing protective clothing, and using broad-spectrum sunscreen
Smoking cessation – smoking is associated with increased disease activity and poorer outcomes
Regular medical check-ups – consistent monitoring and adherence to treatment plans
While these measures support overall health and symptom control, they should not replace prescribed medical treatment.
Mayo Clinic. Lupus
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Lupus
World Health Organization. Lupus
Johns Hopkins Lupus Center. Treating Lupus
